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| Pennsylvania Dutch | |
|---|---|
| Pennsylvania German | |
| Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch | |
| Native to | United States, Canada |
| Region | United States:
Canada: Elsewhere in North America and some locations in Central America |
| Ethnicity | Pennsylvania Dutch |
Native speakers | 237,000 (2016-2020 American Community Survey)[1] to 350,000 (2012)[2] (L2 speakers: about 3,000) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pdc |
| Glottolog | penn1240 |
| ELP | Pennsylvania German |
| Linguasphere | 52-ACB-he |
 Pennsylvania Dutch distribution in the United States | |
 Pennsylvania Dutch is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Pennsylvania Dutch (Deitsch, ⓘ or Pennsilfaanisch), sometimes referred to as Pennsylvania German,[a] is a variation of Palatine German[3] spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch, including the Amish, Mennonites, Fancy Dutch, and other related groups in the United States and Canada. There are approximately 300,000 native speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in the United States and Canada.
The language traditionally has been spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch, who are descendants of late 17th- and early to late 18th-century immigrants to Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina who arrived primarily from Southern Germany and, to a lesser degree, from eastern French regions of Alsace and Lorraine, and parts of Switzerland. Although the term Pennsylvania Dutch is often taken to refer to the Amish and related Old Order groups, it does not imply a connection to any particular religious group.
Linguists are divided on the exact origin of the term "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch". Some see it as a corruption or imitation of the Pennsylvania Dutch endonym Deitsch (meaning "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German"),[4][5] while others have suggested the use of "Dutch" is due archaic use of the term, which earlier could refer to any speaker of a Germanic language on the European mainland, in the American colonies.[6][7][8] Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word *þiudiskaz, meaning "popular" or "of the people."[9] The continued use of the term was strengthened by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century as a means to distinguish themselves from German immigrants who arrived in the United States after 1830. The Pennsylvania Dutch refer to themselves as Deitsche and to the later German settlers as Deitschlenner (literally "Germany-ers'") whom they saw as a related but distinct group of Germans.[10]
Speakers of the dialect today are primarily found in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and other Midwestern states, as well as parts of the Southern states such as in Kentucky and Tennessee, in the United States, and in Ontario in Canada. The dialect historically was also spoken in other regions where its use has largely or entirely faded. The practice of Pennsylvania Dutch as a street language in urban areas of Pennsylvania, including Allentown, Reading, Lancaster, and York, was declining by the beginning of the 20th century. But in more rural Pennsylvania areas, it continued in widespread use until World War II. Since that time, its use in Pennsylvania rural areas has greatly declined. It is best preserved in the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities, and presently the members of both groups make up the majority of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers.
- ^ 2016 American Community Survey, 5-year estimates (https://usa.ipums.org/usa/sda/)
- ^ Steven Hartman Keiser: Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest, 2012
- ^ Der Regebogen The Rainbow · Volumes 19-21. 1985. pp. 25, 26, 27.
- ^ Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Band 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, S. 606: „The term »Pennsylvania Dutch« is a reference to the German-speaking portions of Pennsylvania, »Dutch« being a corruption of Deutsch, the German word for German.“
- ^ Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, S. 16.
- ^ Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2
- ^ Hostetler, John A. (1993), Amish Society, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241
- ^ Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.
- ^ W. Haubrichs, "Theodiscus, Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch" (2004), 199–228
- ^ Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.3-4
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